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If a Reproduce Art in a Different Medium Is It Plagarism

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Using another author's work equally if information technology was one's own original work

Plagiarism is the representation of another writer's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one'due south own original work.[1] [2] In educational contexts, there are differing definitions of plagiarism depending on the establishment.[3] Plagiarism is considered a violation of academic integrity and a breach of journalistic ethics. It is field of study to sanctions such equally penalties, suspension, expulsion from school[4] or piece of work,[v] substantial fines[6] [7] and even imprisonment.[8] [nine]

Generally, plagiarism is not in itself a crime, simply like counterfeiting, fraud can be punished in a courtroom[ten] [xi] for prejudices acquired past copyright infringement,[12] [13] violation of moral rights,[14] or torts. In academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense.[fifteen] [sixteen] Plagiarism and copyright infringement overlap to a considerable extent, but they are not equivalent concepts,[17] and many types of plagiarism do not establish copyright infringement, which is divers by copyright law and may exist adjudicated by courts.

Non all countries hold the same behavior nigh personal ownership of language or ideas. While some, such every bit India and Poland, consider plagiarism to exist a crime liable for imprisonment,[xviii] in other countries the reiteration of another professional person's work can exist a sign of respect or flattery.[19] Students who move to the United States and other Western countries from countries where plagiarism is not frowned upon may find the transition hard.[20]

Etymology and ancient history [edit]

In the 1st century, the use of the Latin give-and-take "plagiarius" (literally "kidnapper") to denote stealing someone else's creative work was pioneered by the Roman poet Martial, who complained that another poet had "kidnapped his verses". Plagiary, a derivative of plagiarus, was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson during the Jacobean Era to describe someone guilty of literary theft.[fifteen] [21] The derived course plagiarism was introduced into English language around 1620.[22] The Latin plagiārius, "kidnapper", and plagium, "kidnapping", have the root plaga ("snare", "cyberspace"), based on the Indo-European root *-plak, "to weave" (seen for instance in Greek plekein, Bulgarian "плета" pleta, and Latin plectere, all meaning "to weave").

It is frequently claimed that people in antiquity had no concept of plagiarism, or at least did non condemn it, and it only came to be seen as immoral much later, anywhere from the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th century to the Romantic movement in the 18th century. While people in antiquity establish detecting plagiarism difficult due to the paucity of literate persons also as long travel times, there are a considerable number of pre-Enlightenment authors who accuse others of plagiarism and consider it distasteful and scandalous, including the respected historians Polybius and Pliny the Elderberry.[23] The 3rd century Greek work Lives of the Eminent Philosophers mentions that Heraclides Ponticus was accused of plagiarizing ( κλέψαντα αὐτὸν ) a treatise on Heliod and Homer.[24] [25] In Vitruvius's 7th book, he acknowledges his debt to before writers and attributes them; he also passes a stiff condemnation of plagiarism: "So, while [earlier writers] deserve our thanks, those, on the contrary, deserve our reproaches, who steal the writings of such men and publish them every bit their own; and those also, who depend in their writings, non on their own ideas, simply who enviously exercise incorrect to the works of others and boast of information technology, deserve not merely to be blamed, but to be sentenced to bodily punishment for their wicked course of life."[26] Vitruvius goes on to claim that "such things did not pass without strict chastisement"[26] and recounts a story where the well-read Aristophanes of Byzantium judged a poetry contest. Aristophanes defenseless near of the contestants in plagiarizing other's poems every bit their own; the rex ordered the plagiarizers to confess they were thieves, and they were condemned in disgrace. While the story may be apocryphal, it shows that Vitruvius personally considered plagiarism reprehensible.[27]

Legal aspects [edit]

Although plagiarism in some contexts is considered theft or stealing, the concept does not exist in a legal sense, although the use of someone else's piece of work in order to gain bookish credit may meet some legal definitions of fraud.[28] "Plagiarism" specifically is not mentioned in whatever electric current statute, either criminal or civil.[29] [sixteen] Some cases may be treated every bit unfair competition or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights.[sixteen] In short, people are asked to use the guideline, "if yous did not write information technology yourself, yous must give credit".[thirty]

Plagiarism is non the same as copyright infringement. While both terms may utilize to a detail human activity, they are different concepts, and false claims of authorship generally constitute plagiarism regardless of whether the material is protected by copyright. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, when cloth whose apply is restricted past copyright is used without consent. Plagiarism, in contrast, is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation, or the obtaining of bookish credit, that is accomplished through false claims of authorship. Thus, plagiarism is considered a moral offense confronting the plagiarist's audition (for example, a reader, listener, or teacher).

Plagiarism is also considered a moral criminal offence confronting anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a do good in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content (for case, the plagiarist's publisher, employer, or teacher). In such cases, acts of plagiarism may sometimes likewise grade function of a claim for breach of the plagiarist's contract, or, if done knowingly, for a civil wrong.

In academia and journalism [edit]

Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud, and offenders are subject to bookish censure, upwardly to and including expulsion. Some institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing. However, plagiarism detection software does not always yield accurate results and there are loopholes in these systems.[31] Some universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientations, required writing courses, and clearly articulated laurels codes.[32] Indeed, there is a well-nigh uniform understanding amidst college students that plagiarism is incorrect.[32] Nevertheless, each year students are brought before their institutions' disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork.[32] All the same, the practice of plagiarizing by use of sufficient give-and-take substitutions to elude detection software, known equally rogeting, has quickly evolved as students and unethical academics seek to stay ahead of detection software.[33]

An farthermost form of plagiarism, known as "contract cheating", involves students paying someone else, such as an essay mill, to do their work for them.[28]

In journalism, plagiarism is considered a alienation of journalistic ethics, and reporters caught plagiarizing typically face up disciplinary measures ranging from suspension to termination of employment.[34] Some individuals caught plagiarizing in bookish or journalistic contexts merits that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include quotations or give the advisable commendation. While plagiarism in scholarship and journalism has a centuries-old history, the development of the Internet, where manufactures appear as electronic text, has made the physical act of copying the work of others much easier.[35]

Predicated upon an expected level of learning and comprehension having been accomplished, all associated academic accreditation becomes seriously undermined if plagiarism is allowed to become the norm within academic submissions.[36]

For professors and researchers, plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from suspension to termination, forth with the loss of credibility and perceived integrity.[37] [38] Charges of plagiarism against students and professors are typically heard by internal disciplinary committees, by which students and professors have agreed to exist bound.[39] Plagiarism is a mutual reason for academic research papers to be retracted.[xl]

Scholars of plagiarism include Rebecca Moore Howard,[41] [42] [43] [44] Susan Blum,[45] [46] Tracey Bretag,[47] [48] [49] and Sarah Elaine Eaton.[3] [50] [51]

Academia [edit]

One course of bookish plagiarism involves appropriating a published article and modifying it slightly to avoid suspicion.

No universally adopted definition of academic plagiarism exists.[iii] Notwithstanding, this section provides several definitions to exemplify the virtually common characteristics of academic plagiarism. Information technology has been chosen, "The use of ideas, concepts, words, or structures without appropriately acknowledging the source to do good in a setting where originality is expected."[52]

This is an abridged version of Teddi Fishman'southward definition of plagiarism, which proposed 5 elements characteristic of plagiarism.[53] Co-ordinate to Fishman, plagiarism occurs when someone:

  • Uses words, ideas, or piece of work products
  • Attributable to another identifiable person or source
  • Without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained
  • In a state of affairs in which there is a legitimate expectation of original authorship
  • In gild to obtain some do good, credit, or proceeds which need not be budgetary[53]

Furthermore, plagiarism is defined differently amidst institutions of higher learning and universities:

  • Stanford defines plagiarism as the "utilize, without giving reasonable and advisable credit to or acknowledging the author or source, of another person'southward original work, whether such work is made upwards of code, formulas, ideas, linguistic communication, research, strategies, writing or other form".[54]
  • Yale views plagiarism as the "... utilise of another's piece of work, words, or ideas without attribution", which includes "... using a source's language without quoting, using information from a source without attribution, and paraphrasing a source in a class that stays likewise close to the original".[55]
  • Princeton describes plagiarism as the "deliberate" utilize of "someone else's language, ideas, or other original (not common-cognition) fabric without acknowledging its source".[56]
  • Oxford College of Emory University characterizes plagiarism as the use of "a author'southward ideas or phraseology without giving due credit".[57]
  • Brown defines plagiarism equally "... appropriating another person'due south ideas or words (spoken or written) without attributing those word or ideas to their true source".[58]
  • The U.S. Naval Academy defines plagiarism as "the use of the words, information, insights, or ideas of some other without crediting that person through proper citation".[59]

Forms of academic plagiarism [edit]

Dissimilar classifications of academic plagiarism forms have been proposed. Many classifications follow a behavioral arroyo, i.due east., they seek to classify the actions undertaken by plagiarists.

For example, a 2015 survey of teachers and professors by Turnitin,[60] identified 10 main forms of plagiarism that students commit:

  • Submitting someone'southward piece of work equally their own.
  • Taking passages from their own previous work without adding citations (self-plagiarism).
  • Re-writing someone's work without properly citing sources.
  • Using quotations but not citing the source.
  • Interweaving various sources together in the piece of work without citing.
  • Citing some, merely non all, passages that should exist cited.
  • Melding together cited and uncited sections of the slice.
  • Providing proper citations, but failing to change the structure and wording of the borrowed ideas enough (close paraphrasing).
  • Inaccurately citing a source.
  • Relying too heavily on other people'southward work, failing to bring original idea into the text.

A 2019 systematic literature review on bookish plagiarism detection[61] deductively derived a technically oriented typology of academic plagiarism from the linguistic model of language consisting of lexis, syntax, and semantics extended by a quaternary layer to capture the plagiarism of ideas and structures. The typology categorizes plagiarism forms according to the layer of the model they affect:

  • Characters-preserving plagiarism
    • Verbatim copying without proper citation
  • Syntax-preserving plagiarism
    • Synonym substitution
    • Technical disguise (e.g. using identically looking glyphs from another alphabet)
  • Semantics-preserving plagiarism
    • Translation
    • Paraphrase
  • Thought-preserving plagiarism
    • Appropriation of ideas or concepts
    • Reusing text structure
  • Ghostwriting
    • Collusion (typically amongst students)
    • Contract cheating

Sanctions for pupil plagiarism [edit]

In the academic world, plagiarism by students is usually considered a very serious crime that tin can upshot in punishments such as a declining grade on the detail assignment, the entire course, or even being expelled from the institution.[iv] The seriousness with which academic institutions address student plagiarism may be tempered by a recognition that students may not fully understand what plagiarism is. A 2015 written report showed that students who were new to university study did not accept a practiced understanding of even the basic requirements of how to attribute sources in written academic work, yet students were very confident that they understood what referencing and plagiarism are.[62] The aforementioned students likewise had a lenient view of how plagiarism should exist penalised.

For cases of repeated plagiarism, or for cases in which a student commits severe plagiarism (e.g., purchasing an consignment), suspension or expulsion may occur. There has been historic business about inconsistencies in penalties administered for academy student plagiarism, and a plagiarism tariff was devised in 2008 for U.k. higher instruction institutions in an attempt to encourage some standardization of approaches.[63]

Withal, to impose sanctions, plagiarism needs to exist detected. Strategies faculty members use to discover plagiarism include carefully reading students work and making note of inconsistencies in student writing, commendation errors and providing plagiarism prevention instruction to students.[64] It has been institute that a meaning share of (university) teachers exercise not use detection methods such equally using text-matching software.[65] A few more endeavor to discover plagiarism by reading term-papers specifically for plagiarism, while the latter method might be not very constructive in detecting plagiarism – especially when plagiarism from unfamiliar sources needs to be detected.[65] There are checklists of tactics to prevent pupil plagiarism.[66]

Plagiarism education [edit]

Given the serious consequences that plagiarism has for students, there has been a call for a greater emphasis on learning in order to aid students avoid committing plagiarism.[67] [68] [69] This is especially important when students move to a new establishment that may take a unlike view of the concept when compared with the view previously developed by the student.[67] Indeed, given the seriousness of plagiarism accusations for a student'south future, the pedagogy of plagiarism educational activity may need to be considered ahead of the pedagogy of the discipline existence studied.[67] The need for plagiarism didactics extends to academic staff, who may non completely understand what is expected of their students or the consequences of misconduct.[70] [64] [71] Actions to reduce plagiarism include coordinating teaching activities to decrease student load; reducing memorization, increasing individual practical activities; and promoting positive reinforcement over penalization.[72] [73] [74]

Factors influencing students' decisions to plagiarize [edit]

Several studies investigated factors that influence the decision to plagiarize. For example, a panel report with students from German language universities found that academic procrastination predicts the frequency plagiarism conducted within half-dozen months followed the measurement of academic procrastination.[75] It has been argued that by plagiarizing, students cope with the negative consequences that issue from bookish procrastination such every bit poor grades. Some other written report found that plagiarism is more frequent if students perceive plagiarism as beneficial and if they have the opportunity to plagiarize.[76] When students had expected higher sanctions and when they had internalized social norms that define plagiarism as very objectionable, plagiarism was less likely to occur. Some other report constitute that students resorted to plagiarism in order to cope with heavy workloads imposed past teachers. On the other mitt, in that study, some teachers besides thought that plagiarism is a effect of their own failure to propose creative tasks and activities.[72]

Journalism [edit]

Since journalism relies on the public trust, a reporter's failure to honestly admit their sources undercuts a newspaper or television news testify's integrity and undermines its credibility. Journalists defendant of plagiarism are often suspended from their reporting tasks while the charges are being investigated by the news organization.[77]

Self-plagiarism [edit]

The reuse of pregnant, identical, or nearly identical portions of one'due south ain piece of work without acknowledging that i is doing then or citing the original work is sometimes described as "self-plagiarism"; the term "recycling fraud" has also been used to depict this practice.[78] Manufactures of this nature are ofttimes referred to equally duplicate or multiple publication. In addition there tin be a copyright upshot if copyright of the prior work has been transferred to another entity. Self-plagiarism is considered a serious ethical upshot in settings where someone asserts that a publication consists of new cloth, such as in publishing or factual documentation.[79] It does not employ to public-interest texts, such as social, professional, and cultural opinions usually published in newspapers and magazines.[lxxx]

In academic fields, self-plagiarism occurs when an author reuses portions of their own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publications, merely without attributing the previous publication.[81] [82] Identifying self-plagiarism is often difficult considering limited reuse of material is accustomed both legally (as fair use) and ethically.[83] Many people by and large, but not limited to critics of copyright and "intellectual property" practice not believe information technology is possible to plagiarize oneself.[84] Critics of the concepts of plagiarism and copyright may use the idea of cocky-plagiarism as a reductio ad absurdum argument.

Contested definition [edit]

Miguel Roig has written at length about the topic of self-plagiarism[82] [85] [86] [87] and his definition of cocky-plagiarism as using previously disseminated work is widely accepted among scholars of the topic. However, the term "self-plagiarism" has been challenged as being cocky-contradictory, an oxymoron,[88] and on other grounds.[89]

For example, Stephanie J. Bird[90] argues that self-plagiarism is a misnomer, since past definition plagiarism concerns the use of others' cloth. Bird identifies the ethical issues of "self-plagiarism" as those of "dual or redundant publication". She also notes that in an educational context, "cocky-plagiarism" refers to the case of a educatee who resubmits "the aforementioned essay for credit in two different courses." As David B. Resnik clarifies, "Cocky-plagiarism involves dishonesty but not intellectual theft."[91]

According to Patrick Grand. Scanlon,[92] "self-plagiarism" is a term with some specialized currency. Almost prominently, it is used in discussions of inquiry and publishing integrity in biomedicine, where heavy publish-or-perish demands have led to a rash of indistinguishable and "salami-slicing" publication, the reporting of a unmarried study's results in "to the lowest degree publishable units" inside multiple manufactures (Blancett, Flanagin, & Young, 1995; Jefferson, 1998; Kassirer & Angell, 1995; Lowe, 2003; McCarthy, 1993; Schein & Paladugu, 2001; Wheeler, 1989). Roig (2002) offers a useful classification system including iv types of self-plagiarism: duplicate publication of an article in more one journal; sectionalization of i study into multiple publications, ofttimes called salami-slicing; text recycling; and copyright infringement.

Codes of ethics [edit]

Some academic journals have codes of ethics that specifically refer to self-plagiarism. For instance, the Journal of International Concern Studies.[93] Some professional person organizations such as the Association for Calculating Machinery (ACM) have created policies that bargain specifically with self-plagiarism.[94] Other organizations do not brand specific reference to cocky-plagiarism such equally the American Political Science Association (APSA). The organization published a code of ideals that describes plagiarism as "...deliberate appropriation of the works of others represented as one's ain." It does non brand any reference to cocky-plagiarism. It does say that when a thesis or dissertation is published "in whole or in part", the writer is "non commonly under an ethical obligation to acknowledge its origins."[95] The American Social club for Public Assistants (ASPA) also published a code of ethics that says its members are committed to: "Ensure that others receive credit for their work and contributions," but it makes no reference to cocky-plagiarism.[96]

Factors that justify reuse [edit]

Pamela Samuelson, in 1994, identified several factors she says alibi reuse of 1's previously published work, that make it non self-plagiarism.[83] She relates each of these factors specifically to the ethical consequence of self-plagiarism, as distinct from the legal issue of off-white use of copyright, which she deals with separately. Among other factors that may excuse reuse of previously published material Samuelson lists the post-obit:

  • The previous work must be restated to lay the background for a new contribution in the second work.
  • Portions of the previous work must exist repeated to deal with new prove or arguments.
  • The audience for each work is and so different that publishing the aforementioned work in different places is necessary to become the message out.
  • The author thinks they said it so well the start time that information technology makes no sense to say it differently a second fourth dimension.

Samuelson states she has relied on the "different audition" rationale when attempting to bridge interdisciplinary communities. She refers to writing for different legal and technical communities, saying: "there are often paragraphs or sequences of paragraphs that tin can be bodily lifted from one article to the other. And, in truth, I lift them." She refers to her ain practice of converting "a technical article into a police force review article with relatively few changes—adding footnotes and one substantive section" for a different audition.[83]

Samuelson describes misrepresentation as the basis of cocky-plagiarism.[83] She also states "Although it seems non to have been raised in any of the self-plagiarism cases, copyrights law'south fair apply defence would likely provide a shield against many potential publisher claims of copyright infringement confronting authors who reused portions of their previous works."[83]

Organizational publications [edit]

Plagiarism is presumably not an issue when organizations issue collective unsigned works since they exercise not assign credit for originality to particular people. For example, the American Historical Association'south "Statement on Standards of Professional Behave" (2005) regarding textbooks and reference books states that, since textbooks and encyclopedias are summaries of other scholars' work, they are not spring by the same exacting standards of attribution as original research and may exist allowed a greater "extent of dependence" on other works.[97] However, even such a volume does not make use of words, phrases, or paragraphs from another text or follow too closely the other text'due south arrangement and organisation, and the authors of such texts are likewise expected to "acknowledge the sources of recent or distinctive findings and interpretations, those non yet a function of the common understanding of the profession."[97]

In the arts [edit]

The history of the arts [edit]

Through all of the history of literature and of the arts in general, works of fine art are to a large extent repetitions of the tradition; to the entire history of artistic creativity belong plagiarism, literary theft, appropriation, incorporation, retelling, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, reprise, thematic variation, ironic retake, parody, imitation, stylistic theft, pastiches, collages, and deliberate assemblages.[98] [99] [29] [100] [101] [102] There is no rigorous and precise distinction between practices like imitation, stylistic plagiarism, re-create, replica and forgery.[98] [103] [104] [105] These cribbing procedures are the principal axis of a literate culture, in which the tradition of the canonic past is being constantly rewritten.[102]

Ruth Graham quotes T. S. Eliot—"Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal. Bad poets deface what they take."—she notes that despite the "taboo" of plagiarism, the ill-will and embarrassment it causes in the modern context, readers seem to oft forgive the past excesses of historic literary offenders.[106]

Praisings of artistic plagiarism [edit]

A passage of Laurence Sterne'south 1767 Tristram Shandy condemns plagiarism by resorting to plagiarism.[107] Oliver Goldsmith commented:

Sterne's Writings, in which it is clearly shewn, that he, whose manner and fashion were so long idea original, was, in fact, the most unhesitating plagiarist who ever cribbed from his predecessors in order to garnish his ain pages. It must exist owned, at the same time, that Sterne selects the materials of his mosaic work with so much art, places them so well, and polishes them so highly, that in most cases we are disposed to pardon the desire of originality, in consideration of the exquisite talent with which the borrowed materials are wrought upward into the new course.[108]

In other contexts [edit]

On the Cyberspace [edit]

Gratis online tools are becoming available to help identify plagiarism,[109] [110] and there are a range of approaches that attempt to limit online copying, such as disabling right clicking and placing warning banners regarding copyrights on spider web pages. Instances of plagiarism that involve copyright violation may be addressed by the rightful content owners sending a DMCA removal notice to the offending site-owner, or to the Isp that is hosting the offending site. The term "content scraping" has arisen to draw the copying and pasting of data from websites[111] and blogs.[112]

Contrary plagiarism [edit]

Reverse plagiarism, or attribution without copying,[xvi] refers to falsely giving authorship credit over a piece of work to a person who did non author it, or falsely claiming a source supports an exclamation that the source does not make.[113] [114] While both the term and activity are relatively rare, incidents of reverse plagiarism practice occur typically in like contexts every bit traditional plagiarism.[84]

Come across too [edit]

  • Academic dishonesty
  • Cribbing (fine art)
  • Article spinning
  • Contract cheating
  • Copyright
  • Counterfeit
  • Credit (creative arts)
  • Cryptomnesia
  • Détournement
  • Document theft
  • Essay mill
  • Fair utilize
  • Ghostwriter
  • Joke thievery
  • Journalism scandals (plagiarism, fabrication, omission)
  • Multiple publication
  • Musical plagiarism
  • Rip-off
  • Knock-off
  • Parody
  • Peer review § Plagiarism
  • Plagiarism detection
  • Plagiarism from Wikipedia
  • Rogeting
  • Scientific misconduct
  • Scientific plagiarism in Republic of india
  • Scientific plagiarism in the United States
  • Source criticism
  • Swipe (comics)

References [edit]

  1. ^ From the 1995 Random House Meaty Unabridged Dictionary:

    utilize or close fake of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as ane's own original work

    qtd. in Stepchyshyn, Vera; Nelson, Robert S. (2007). Library plagiarism policies. Assoc. of College & Resrch Libraries. p. 65. ISBN978-0-8389-8416-one.
  2. ^ From the Oxford English language Dictionary:

    The activeness or practice of taking someone else's work, idea, etc., and passing it off equally one's own; literary theft.
  3. ^ a b c Eaton, Sarah Elaine (August 2017). "Comparative Analysis of Institutional Policy Definitions of Plagiarism: A Pan-Canadian University Study". Interchange. 48 (3): 271–281. doi:10.1007/s10780-017-9300-7. S2CID 152188935.
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  6. ^ "Jeff Koons institute guilty of plagiarism over multi-million-pound sculpture". 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. The court ordered Mr Koons, his business concern, and the Pompidou museum - which had exhibited the work in 2014 - to pay Mr Davidovici a full of €135,000 (£118,000) in bounty.
  7. ^ "Fashion designer Galliano fined for copying imagery". 19 April 2007. Style designer John Galliano'southward company was ordered to pay 200,000 euros ($271,800) in damages to renowned U.S. lensman William Klein
  8. ^ "Polish professor could face three-year sentence for plagiarism". 5 Dec 2012.
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  11. ^ "Jeff Koons plagiarised French photographer for Naked sculpture". 9 March 2017.
  12. ^ Osterberg, Eric C. (2003). Substantial similarity in copyright law. Practising Law Institute. p. §ane:1, 1–ii. ISBN1-4024-0341-0. With respect to the copying of individual elements, a defendant demand not copy the entirety of the plaintiff'southward copyrighted work to infringe, and he demand not re-create verbatim.
  13. ^ Sheldon 5. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corporation (Courtroom example). Vol. 81. F.2d 49. second Cir. 1936-01-17 – via Courtroom Listener. No plagiarist can excuse the wrong by showing how much of his work he did not pirate.
  14. ^ Art Rogers, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant five. Jeff Koons Sonnabend Gallery, Inc., Defendants-Appellants-Cantankerous-Appellees (Court case). Vol. 960. F.2d 301 Nos. 234, 388 and 235. 2d Cir. 1992-04-02. Dockets 91-7396, 91-7442 and 91-7540 – via Court Listener. the copies they produced bettered the toll of the copied piece of work past a thousand to one, their piracy of a less well-known artist'southward piece of work would escape beingness sullied by an accusation of plagiarism.
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  21. ^ Valpy, Francis Edward Jackson (2005). Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language. p. 345. ISBN9781402173844. entry for plagium, quotation: "the crime of kidnapping."
  22. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Retrieved April 24, 2011.
  23. ^ Ehrman, Bart (2012). Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Cant in Early Christian Polemics. Oxford University Press. p. 65–67. ISBN9780199928033.
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  25. ^ Laërtius, Diogenes. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers – via Wikisource.
  26. ^ a b Vitruvius. De architectura Book Seven – via Wikisource.
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    Each of the types of repetition that nosotros have examined is non limited to the mass media only belongs by correct to the entire history of artistic creativity; plagiarism, quotation, parody, the ironic retake are typical of the entire artistic-literary tradition.
    Much fine art has been and is repetitive. The concept of accented originality is a gimmicky one, born with Romanticism; classical art was in vast measure serial, and the "modern" advanced (at the beginning of this century) challenged the Romantic thought of "creation from nothingness," with its techniques of collage, mustachios on the Mona Lisa, art about art, so on.
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    (p. 437) There is betwixt 'translation proper' and 'transmutation' a vast terrain of 'partial transformation'. The verbal signs in the original message or statement are modified by one of a multitude of means or past a combination of ways. These include paraphrase, graphic analogy, pastiche, false, thematic variation, parody, citation in a supporting or undermining context, false attribution (accidental or deliberate), plagiarism, collage, and many others. This zone of partial transformation, of derivation, of alternating restatement determines much of our sensibility and literacy. Information technology is, quite simply, the matrix of civilisation. (p. 459) Nosotros could, in some measure, at least, come closer to a verifiable gradation of the sequence of techniques and aims, which leads from literal translation through paraphrases, mimesis, and pastiche to thematic variation. I have suggested that this sequence is the principal axis of a literate culture, that a culture advances, spiralwise, via translations of its own canonic past.
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Works cited [edit]

  • Arnau, Frank Translation from the German past Brownjohn, J. Maxwell (1961). The Art of the Faker. Little, Brown and Company.
  • Derrida, Jacques, Roudinesco, Élisabeth [2001] (2004) De Quoi Demain, English language translation 2004 by Jeff Fort as For what tomorrow—: a dialogue, ch.iv Unforeseeable Freedom
  • Blum, Susan D. My Give-and-take!: Plagiarism and Higher Culture (2010)
  • Eco, Umberto (1987) Fakes and Forgeries in Versus, Problems 46–48, republished in 1990 in The limits of interpretation pp. 174–202
  • Eco, Umberto (1990) Interpreting Serials in The limits of interpretation, pp. 83–100, excerpt; link unavailable
  • Gérard Genette (1982) Palimpsests: literature in the second degree
  • Haywood, Ian (1987) Faking it
  • Hutcheon, Linda (1985). "3. The Pragmatic Range of Parody". A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. New York: Methuen. ISBN978-0-252-06938-three.
  • Joachimides, Christos Thou. and Rosenthal, Norman and Anfam, David and Adams, Brooks (1993) American art in the 20th century: painting and sculpture 1913–1993
  • Paull, Harry Major (1928) Literary ethics: a study in the growth of the literary censor Part II, ch.X Parody and Burlesque pp. 133–forty (public domain work, author died in 1934)
  • Purple Shakespeare Company (2007) The RSC Shakespeare – William Shakespeare Complete Works, Introduction to the Comedy of Errors
  • Ruthven, K. Thou. (2001) Faking Literature
  • Spearing, A. C. (1987) Introduction department to Chaucer's The Franklin's Prologue and Tale
  • Spearing, A. C. (1989) Readings in medieval verse
  • Steiner, George (1998) After Boom-boom, ch.6 Topologies of culture, tertiary revised edition

Further reading [edit]

  • Lipson, Charles (2008). Doing Honest Work in Higher: How to Set up Citations, Avoid Plagiarism, and Achieve Existent Academic Success (second ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN9780226484778 . Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  • Jude Carroll and Carl-Mikael Zetterling (2009). Guiding students away from plagiarism (in Swedish and English) (1st ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Constitute of Applied science. pp. 86–167. ISBN978-91-7415-403-0 . Retrieved June ten, 2017.

External links [edit]

aaronsidged.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism

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